The Basics of the Spike

The attack (also known as a spike or hit) is the final action of a team’s offensive sequence, intended to power the ball over the net and ground it on the opponent’s court. It is considered the most explosive and identifying skill in the game.

Successful attacking is a three-step process:
run toward the ball, jump to the ball, and strike the ball with your hand (throw your hand through the ball.

Phases of the Attack Movement:
A standard attack consists of six primary phases:

1. The Approach:
The approach builds momentum and converts horizontal speed into vertical height for a higher jump.
* Four-Step Pattern: This is the most common method. For a right-handed hitter, the pattern is right-left-right-left.
* Step 1: A small orientation step with the right foot to time the set.
* Step 2: A larger step with the left foot as the hitter pinpoints the ball.
* Step 3: A long “plant” or “brake” step with the right foot; the arms swing back behind the body.
* Step 4: A quick “closing” step with the left foot, planting it parallel to the right; the arms swing forcefully forward and up to initiate the jump.
* Tempo: The approach should follow a crescendo—starting slow and small, and ending big and fast.

2. The Jump:
The jump should be explosive and both vertical and forward off of two feet. The hitter should take off about 1.5 to 3 feet (.5-1 m) behind the ball to ensure it remains in front of them for contact.

3. The Arm Swing:
The goal is biomechanical efficiency to maximize reach and power.
* The “T” or Bow-and-Arrow Position: In the air, the dominant elbow is drawn back near the plane of the shoulder, while the non-hitting arm points toward the ball for balance and tracking.
* Torque: Power is generated by rotating the hips and shoulders toward the net as the striking arm whips forward.

4. Ball Contact:
* High Point: Contact the ball at the highest possible point of arm extension and jump.
* Hand Position: Use an open, firm hand with fingers spread.
* Wrist Snap: Strike the center or top of the ball and allow the hand to flex forward at the wrist to impart topspin, which helps the ball dive into the court.

5. Follow-Through and Landing:
* The hitting arm should swing through the ball and fall toward the hip, avoiding contact with the net.
* Landing: Always land on two feet with knees slightly bent to absorb the shock and prevent injuries.

Advanced Types of Attacks and Shots:
* Quicks (First Tempo): Fast sets where the hitter jumps as the ball is being set; the ball is hit almost out of the setter’s hands to surprise the defense.
* Slide Attack: A one-footed jump where the hitter (usually the middle) floats along the net to attack behind the setter.
* Back-Row Attack: An attack performed by a player jumping from behind the 10-foot (3 m) attack line.
* Off-Speed Shots:
* Tip: A soft, open-handed lob over the blockers using the finger pads.
* Roll Shot: A slower attack with heavy topspin designed to drop shallow in the opponent’s court.
* Wipe-Off (Tool): Intentionally hitting the ball off the blocker’s hands so it lands out of bounds.

Key Success Factors:
* Timing: Hitters must track the pass and setter to decide when to start their approach. It is generally better to be slightly late than early, as being late allows the hitter to accelerate into the ball.
* Eye Work: Great hitters “read” the blockers and the defensive alignment to identify open areas on the court.
* Discipline: Proper footwork (avoiding “goofy footing” or a reversed step pattern) and maintaining a stable core are essential for consistent performance